diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_hash.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_hash.cc
index 90ec9e365c3..f42972e18af 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_hash.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_hash.cc
@@ -550,6 +550,7 @@ KernelInit GetHashInit(Type::type type_id) {
       return HashInit<RegularHashKernel<UInt8Type, Action>>;
     case Type::INT16:
     case Type::UINT16:
+    case Type::HALF_FLOAT:
       return HashInit<RegularHashKernel<UInt16Type, Action>>;
     case Type::INT32:
     case Type::UINT32:
@@ -700,6 +701,13 @@ void AddHashKernels(VectorFunction* func, VectorKernel base, OutputType out_ty)
     DCHECK_OK(func->AddKernel(base));
   }
 
+  // float16() is not part of PrimitiveTypes() (FloatingPointTypes() only covers
+  // float32 and float64; see GH-43017), so it must be registered explicitly. Like
+  // float32 and float64, it is hashed by its raw bit pattern (via UInt16Type).
+  base.init = GetHashInit<Action>(Type::HALF_FLOAT);
+  base.signature = KernelSignature::Make({float16()}, out_ty);
+  DCHECK_OK(func->AddKernel(base));
+
   // Parametric types that we want matching to be dependent only on type id
   auto parametric_types = {Type::TIME32, Type::TIME64, Type::TIMESTAMP, Type::DURATION,
                            Type::FIXED_SIZE_BINARY};
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_hash_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_hash_test.cc
index b0fa296e007..b11e0a722a5 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_hash_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_hash_test.cc
@@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ template <typename Type>
 class TestHashKernelPrimitive : public ::testing::Test {};
 
 typedef ::testing::Types<Int8Type, UInt8Type, Int16Type, UInt16Type, Int32Type,
-                         UInt32Type, Int64Type, UInt64Type, FloatType, DoubleType,
-                         Date32Type, Date64Type>
+                         UInt32Type, Int64Type, UInt64Type, HalfFloatType, FloatType,
+                         DoubleType, Date32Type, Date64Type>
     PrimitiveDictionaries;
 
 TYPED_TEST_SUITE(TestHashKernelPrimitive, PrimitiveDictionaries);