diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ssl.py b/Lib/test/test_ssl.py
index abd7710a1d570a..8ccb321d252d17 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ssl.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ssl.py
@@ -5197,6 +5197,36 @@ def test_got_eof(self):
 
             self.assertEqual(sslsock.pending(), 0)
 
+    def test_oserror_does_not_leak_to_other_sockets(self):
+        # gh-158313: An OSError for one connection must not stay on the
+        # thread's OpenSSL error queue and be raised for another connection.
+        client_context, server_context, hostname = testing_context()
+        server_context.num_tickets = 0
+
+        def connect():
+            csock, ssock = socket.socketpair()
+            client = client_context.wrap_socket(
+                csock, server_hostname=hostname, do_handshake_on_connect=False)
+            server = server_context.wrap_socket(
+                ssock, server_side=True, do_handshake_on_connect=False)
+            thread = threading.Thread(target=server.do_handshake)
+            thread.start()
+            client.do_handshake()
+            thread.join()
+            return client, server
+
+        client, server = connect()
+        client2, server2 = connect()
+        with client, server, client2, server2:
+            server.close()
+            client.settimeout(support.SHORT_TIMEOUT)
+            with self.assertRaises(OSError):
+                while True:
+                    client.send(b'x' * 1024)
+
+            client2.setblocking(False)
+            self.assertRaises(ssl.SSLWantReadError, client2.recv, 1)
+
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(has_tls_version('TLSv1_3') and ssl.HAS_PHA,
                      "Test needs TLS 1.3 PHA")
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-09-28-11-17-55.gh-issue-158313.GbErga.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-09-28-11-17-55.gh-issue-158313.GbErga.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..25ff37dc72bf84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-09-28-11-17-55.gh-issue-158313.GbErga.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Fix :mod:`ssl` leaving a system error on the OpenSSL error queue of the
+thread after raising :exc:`OSError`, which made later I/O on other SSL
+sockets in the same thread fail with the same error.
diff --git a/Modules/_ssl.c b/Modules/_ssl.c
index 4fd8bf0ac3b957..8315f93fd6cc3e 100644
--- a/Modules/_ssl.c
+++ b/Modules/_ssl.c
@@ -719,6 +719,7 @@ PySSL_SetError(PySSLSocket *sslsock, _PySSLError err, PyObject *exc,
                     type = state->PySSLCertVerificationErrorObject;
                 }
                 if (ERR_GET_LIB(e) == ERR_LIB_SYS) {
+                    ERR_clear_error();
                     // A system error is being reported; reason is set to errno
                     errno = ERR_GET_REASON(e);
                     return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
@@ -749,6 +750,7 @@ PySSL_SetError(PySSLSocket *sslsock, _PySSLError err, PyObject *exc,
             }
 #endif
             if (ERR_GET_LIB(e) == ERR_LIB_SYS) {
+                ERR_clear_error();
                 // A system error is being reported; reason is set to errno
                 errno = ERR_GET_REASON(e);
                 return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);